控制环境与健康风险:美国环境标准制度功能借鉴

Controlling Environmental and Public Health Risk: Lessons from Environmental Standard-making of the United States

中文关键词:  环境标准  公共健康风险  环境与健康

英文关键词:environmental standards  public health risk  environment and health

中文摘要:

      传统观念下，环境与健康分属两个不同领域，美国作为最早遭遇环境与健康问题的国家，经过多年努力，形成了建立以保障公共健康为核心的环境标准体系和环境与健康风险评估框架，实现了对环境与健康风险的有效控制。美国对环境污染物的界定主要取决于其对公共健康的影响，将污染物分为普遍及对公共健康危害较大的污染物、一些污染范围较小或对公共健康危害较小的污染物两类，且采取不同的标准制定方法。在标准制定方面，主要是将有关科学共识转化为可执行的环境标准。为了避免环境标准的不确定性带来的不利影响，建立了包括科学论证、公开透明、周期性审查等较为严格的环境标准制定程序。美国赋予环境标准制度以控制环境与健康风险的功能，并通过建立以保障公共健康为核心的环境标准体系，实现对环境与健康风险有效控制的执法路径，对解决中国目前存在的环境标准价值缺失、体系割裂、内容缺失等问题，实现环境标准的功能再造具有较强的借鉴意义。

英文摘要:

      Environment and health have long been treated as separate public policy domains in China. The United States was among the first countries that suffered from environment-induced health problems. Over the past decades, it has established the public health-oriented environmental quality standards and health risk management framework, effectively protecting public health from environmental pollution. The US Environmental Protection Agency identifies and categorizes pollutants into two categories by their health impact, and regulates them accordingly. To minimize the effects of uncertainty by environmental standards, this framework features vigorous and transparent standard making and periodic review, encouraging public participation at all stages. Integrating environmental standards with public health offers a clear mandate for environmental regulation and makes public health more implementable. The US approach of protecting public health with environmental quality standards gives important insight into solving the institutional fragmentation and unclear mandate problems in China's environmental regulation.