主要发达国家碳达峰碳中和的实践经验及对中国的启示

The Practice Experience of Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality in Major Developed Countries and Its Enlightenment for China

中文关键词:  发达国家  碳达峰  碳中和  国际经验  低碳政策

英文关键词:developed countries  carbon peak  carbon neutrality  international experience  low-carbon policy

中文摘要:

      气候变化问题是人类社会共同面临的重大挑战，关系到人类生存和各国利益。推进碳达峰碳中和是中国的一项重大战略决策，是负责任大国对国际社会的庄严承诺，也是推动高质量发展的内在要求。本文归纳分析欧盟、美国、日本、韩国、德国、英国等主要发达经济体碳达峰的经济社会特征、碳中和的路径共识，系统梳理推动实现碳达峰碳中和的经验举措，对比分析中国国内进展和差距，并提出重点借鉴的国际经验与启示。研究发现，中国已经逐步具备实现碳达峰国家的基本特征，但相比发达国家，在降碳效果核算评估、低碳安全高效能源系统构建、碳价格传导机制设计、低碳技术创新和新业态模式打造、法规制度系统化构建等方面仍有差距，仍需加强政策驱动和重点国际经验借鉴，进一步优化“双碳”目标评估指标体系，将构建清洁、低碳、安全、高效能源系统作为能源生产和消费革命的主要目标，有序推进碳排放权交易市场建设和能源资源市场化价格调控，强化绿色低碳技术的研发创新，加快构建形成系统性推动“双碳”目标的法规体系。

英文摘要:

      Climate Change is a major challenge faced by human society, which is related to the survival of mankind and the interests of all countries. Promoting carbon peak and carbon neutrality is a major strategic decision for China, which is a solemn commitment by responsible powers to the international community, and an inherent requirement for high-quality development. This study reviewed and analyzed the economic and social characteristics of carbon peak in the European Union, the United States, Japan, South Korea, Germany, the United Kingdom and other major developed countries, as well as the consensus on the path of carbon neutrality, and systematically combed the experiences measures of promoting the Realization of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. At the same time, this paper made a comparative analysis of China's progress and gaps, and put forward the international experience and enlightenment for reference. The results showed that China has gradually acquired the basic characteristics of a carbon peak country. But compared to developed countries, there are still gaps in the calculation and assessment of carbon reduction results, the establishment of a lowcarbon, safe and efficient energy system, the design of a carbon price transmission mechanism, the creation of low-carbon technology innovation and new business models, and the systematization of regulations. Policy drivers should be strengthened and key international experiences should be used for reference. The "dual carbon" target assessment system should be further optimized by taking the construction of a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system as the main goal of the revolution in energy production and consumption, pushing forward in an orderly manner the establishment of a carbon emissions trading market and market-based price regulation of energy and resources, strengthening R&D and innovation in green and low-carbon technologies, and accelerating the formation of a legal system that systematically promotes dual-carbon goals.