推动需求侧碳减排的碳普惠机制：理论与实践

Carbon Generalized System of Preferences for Promoting Demandside Cabon Emission Redution: Theory and Pratice

中文关键词:  碳普惠  需求侧减排  属性特征  运行模式  可持续性

英文关键词:carbon generalized system of preferences  demand-side emission reduction  attribute characteristics  operational mode  sustainability

中文摘要:

      人类社会的碳排放根源在于终端消费，因此依托消费行为变革的需求侧碳减排已成为实现“双碳”目标的重要着力点。在数字化驱动下，倡导“全民减排”的碳普惠机制已成为推动需求侧碳减排的有力抓手，然而对该机制的理论探讨却滞后于其实践发展。本文首先对碳普惠机制进行理论溯源，明晰碳普惠与传统个人碳交易机制的异同点及其在广泛实践中的潜在创新。其次，通过典型案例分析了政府主导、企业主导与平台驱动型三类碳普惠机制实践模式的运行特征。基于该机制的关键属性（宣传形式、减排场景、核算规则、激励类型、监管主体与参与形式）解析，探讨了三种典型碳普惠模式的可持续性问题。在此基础上，本文辨析了当前碳普惠机制面临的关键挑战，包括覆盖面有限、标准不统一、经济激励难以持续和数据安全制度不完善等。最后，本文提议通过搭建全国统一的碳普惠平台、构建科学且统一的碳普惠核证标准、将碳普惠减排纳入CCER（中国核证自愿减排量）形成“激励闭环”和建立健全隐私保护体系等方案，确保碳普惠机制的有效和可持续运行，真正撬动个体低碳行为变革以助力需求侧碳减排。

英文摘要:

      The root of carbon emissions in human society lies in end consumption. The demand-side carbon reduction, which relies on behavioral changes in consumption, has become a pivotal focus for achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Under the drive of digitalization, the Carbon Generalized System of Preferences (CGSP), which advocates “Society-wide emission reduction”, has emerged as a powerful tool to promote demand-side carbon emission reduction. However, the theoretical discourse on this mechanism is lagging behind its practical development. The study firstly traces the theoretical origins of the Carbon Generalized System of Preferences, clarifying its differences from traditional individual carbon trading mechanisms and its potential innovations in widespread practice. Subsequently, through typical case analyses, the operational characteristics of government-led, enterprise-led, and platform-based CGSP practice models are explored. Based on the key attributes of this mechanism, including promotion forms, emission reduction scenarios, accounting rules, incentive types, supervisory entities, and participation forms, the sustainability issues of the three typical CGSP operation modes are discussed. Based on this foundation, the key challenges currently faced by carbon inclusion mechanisms are identified, including limited coverage, inconsistent standards, unsustainable economic incentives, and inadequate data security systems. Lastly, the paper proposes several solutions to ensure the effective and sustainable operation of the CGSP and to truly leverage individual low-carbon behavioral changes to support demand-side carbon reduction. These solutions include establishing a unified national platform for the Carbon Generalized System of Preferences, constructing scientific and unified verification standards, incorporating emission reductions into the CCER (China Certified Emission Reduction) and establishing a robust privacy protection system to form an “incentive closed-loop”.