日本恶臭排放标准体系研究及对中国的借鉴

Odor Emission Control Standards in Japan and Its Enlightenment for China

中文关键词:  恶臭排放  日本  臭气指数  特定恶臭物质

英文关键词:odor emission  Japan  odor index  specific odor substances

中文摘要:

      日本是世界上第一个对恶臭防治进行立法的国家，经过50多年的发展，日本形成了以“ 22种特定恶臭物质”和“臭气指数”为管控指标的恶臭排放标准体系，对产生恶臭企业的厂界、排气筒和外排水进行排放管控。本文着重介绍两类管控指标在三个管控点位排放标准的制定依据和计算方法，这是日本恶臭排放标准体系精细化程度高、基础研究扎实的具体体现，对我国的标准制定和恶臭基础研究具有很强的借鉴意义。日本以“不引起周边居民反感”的臭气强度范围2.5 ～ 3.5作为厂界排放标准限值制定依据，通过对特定恶臭物质/臭气指数与臭气强度的关系研究，制定厂界排放标准范围，并且规定市区町村根据地区自然和社会条件，因地制宜制定地方标准。日本排气筒排放限值依据厂界限值通过模型计算得到，受地形、天气等因素影响，一厂一标准。臭气指数的外排水标准通过厂界限值计算得到，特定恶臭物质的外排水标准限值通过研究恶臭物质在水和大气中的影响关系得到。我国国标制定了排放标准的下限，各省（区、市）在国标基础上制定了更为严格的排放标准。日本1313个市区町村在国法的范围内制定了地方标准，而我国的恶臭地方标准非常少。我国同时执行8项特定恶臭物质和臭气浓度标准，并规定了厂界和排气筒的排放限值，相较于日本每个排气筒的限值都是经过计算得出，我国需要加强恶臭污染扩散模型基础研究，提高排放标准精细化程度。

英文摘要:

      Japan is the first country in the world to legislate on odor prevention and control. After 50 years of development, Japan has formed a sound odor emission standard system with 22 specific odor substances or odor index as control indicators, which controls the emissions of boundary, exhaust stacks and external drainage of odor producing enterprises. This paper focuses on the formulation basis and calculation method of emission standards for the two control indicators at three control points, which is a concrete embodiment of the high degree of refinement and solid basic research of Japan's odor emission standard system, and has a strong reference significance for China's standard formulation and odor basic research. Japan takes the odor intensity range of 2.5-3.5 that ‘does not arouse the disgust of surrounding residents’ as the basis for formulating the limit value of the boundary emission standard. Through the research on the relationship between specific odor substances/odor index and odor intensity, Japan formulates the scope of the factory boundary emission standard, and then the local standards have been formulated according to the natural and social conditions of the area. The emission limit of exhaust funnel is calculated by model based on the limit value of the boundary, terrain, weather and other factors. As a result, each field has its own standard. The external drainage standard of odor index is calculated by the limit value of the boundary, and the external drainage standard limit value of specific odor substances is obtained by studying the relationship between odor substances in water and atmosphere. China's national standard has set the lower limit of emission standards, and all provinces and cities have set more stringent emission standards on the basis of the national standard. 1313 local standards have been set in Japan, while China's odor local standards are very few. China implements eight specific odor substances and odor concentration standards at the same time. China also stipulates the emission limits of the boundary and exhaust funnel, which is different from Japan. In Japan the limit value of each exhaust funnel is calculated. China needs to strengthen the basic research of odor pollution diffusion model and improve the refinement of emission standards.